Reduced relative clauses with -ing

The idea

When the noun is the subject of a suitable active relative clause, replace the relative pronoun and verb with an -ing form: people who live here becomes people living here. The phrase follows and describes the noun. Its time comes from context; it can describe a continuing action or a general characteristic.

Examples

• The woman carrying the blue bag is my neighbour.
• Students living near the campus often cycle to class.
• A dog sleeping by the door woke up suddenly.
• The bridge connecting the two villages is closed.
• Anyone wishing to join the choir can register today.
• We spoke to a guide leading a night walk.

Watch out

Do not use this reduction when the noun is the object of the relative clause: the book that I read cannot become the book reading.

Try it yourself

1. Choose the correct option. The people ___ outside are waiting for tickets. (standing / stood)

   Show answer or example answer

   standing

   standing describes the people waiting outside.

2. Choose the correct option. The path ___ to the lake is muddy. (leading / led)

   Show answer or example answer

   leading

   leading describes what the path does.

3. Choose the correct option. In “the chef preparing dinner”, who is preparing dinner? (the chef / dinner)

   Show answer or example answer

   the chef

   the chef performs the action; dinner is being prepared.

Use it today

Describe someone in a room with an -ing phrase. Identify who performs the action.