Plain forms express tense and polarity without the polite sentence endings です and ます. They are common among friends and inside longer constructions.
The idea
Verbs have forms such as 読む, 読まない, 読んだ and 読まなかった. An い-adjective changes its own ending: 高い, 高くない, 高かった. A noun or な-adjective uses だ, じゃない, だった or じゃなかった at the end of a plain sentence.
| Non-past affirmative | Non-past negative | Past affirmative | Past negative |
|---|---|---|---|
| 読む | 読まない | 読んだ | 読まなかった |
| 高い | 高くない | 高かった | 高くなかった |
| 静かだ | 静かじゃない | 静かだった | 静かじゃなかった |
| 学生だ | 学生じゃない | 学生だった | 学生じゃなかった |
Examples
- 毎朝、水を飲む。I drink water every morning.
- 弟は肉を食べない。My younger brother doesn't eat meat.
- 昨日、友達と公園へ行った。Yesterday I went to the park with a friend.
- この本はとても面白い。This book is very interesting.
- 今日は天気がよくない。The weather is not good today.
- この公園はとても静かだ。This park is very quiet.
- 私は学生だ。I am a student.
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Watch out
Do not add だ to an い-adjective: 高いだ is wrong. Plain forms can also appear inside a polite sentence, so they do not automatically make the whole sentence informal.
Try it yourself
「読みます」→__(ふつう形)
Show answer or example answer
読む
読む is the dictionary form of 読みます and is plain non-past.
「高くないです」→__(ふつう形)
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高くない
高くない is the plain negative い-adjective; remove polite です.
「静かです」→__(だ)
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静かだ
静かだ uses だ with a な-adjective in this plain statement.
「学生でした」→__(ふつう形)
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学生だった
学生だった is the plain past of the noun predicate 学生でした.
Practice round
Answer questions, then rebuild Japanese sentences where available. We keep your score.
「読みます」→__(ふつう形)
「高くないです」→__(ふつう形)
「静かです」→__(だ)
「学生でした」→__(ふつう形)
Tap the words in the right order.
Tap the words in the right order.
Tap the words in the right order.
Keep your progress
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Tell a friend one thing you do, one you did and one you do not do. Compare a noun and an adjective using the table.

