ใฏ: marking the topic
Study ใฏ: marking the topic through everyday Japanese examples, a reference table and three exercises with explanations.
Read and practiseAdventure journal
Japanese grammar
Understand particles, sentence patterns and verb forms through examples you can use.
Adventure journal
Japanese grammar
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ใ: marking the subject
Study ใ: marking the subject through everyday Japanese examples, a reference table and three exercises with explanations.
Read and practiseใฏ and ใ: topic and focus
Study ใฏ and ใ: topic and focus through everyday Japanese examples, a reference table and three exercises with explanations.
Read and practiseใ: objects and routes
Study ใ: objects and routes through everyday Japanese examples, a reference table and three exercises with explanations.
Read and practiseใซ: destination, time and existence
Study ใซ: destination, time and existence through everyday Japanese examples, a reference table and three exercises with explanations.
Read and practiseใง: place of action and means
Study ใง: place of action and means through everyday Japanese examples, a reference table and three exercises with explanations.
Read and practiseใฎ: possession and noun links
Study ใฎ: possession and noun links through everyday Japanese examples, a reference table and three exercises with explanations.
Read and practiseใ: also, either and nobody
Study ใ: also, either and nobody through everyday Japanese examples, a reference table and three exercises with explanations.
Read and practiseใ: polite questions
Study ใ: polite questions through everyday Japanese examples, a reference table and three exercises with explanations.
Read and practiseใงใ: polite noun sentences
Study ใงใ: polite noun sentences through everyday Japanese examples, a reference table and three exercises with explanations.
Read and practiseใใใชใ and ใงใฏใใใพใใ: noun negation
Study ใใใชใ and ใงใฏใใใพใใ: noun negation through everyday Japanese examples, a reference table and three exercises with explanations.
Read and practiseใพใ: polite verb forms
Study ใพใ: polite verb forms through everyday Japanese examples, a reference table and three exercises with explanations.
Read and practiseใพใใ: polite negative verbs
Explore โใพใใ: polite negative verbsโ with Japanese examples, a reference table and exercises with explained answers.
Read and practiseใพใใ: polite past verbs
Explore โใพใใ: polite past verbsโ with Japanese examples, a reference table and exercises with explained answers.
Read and practiseใใพใ and ใใใพใ: saying what is where
Explore โใใพใ and ใใใพใ: saying what is whereโ with Japanese examples, a reference table and exercises with explained answers.
Read and practiseJapanese ใ-adjectives: positive and negative
Explore โJapanese ใ-adjectives: positive and negativeโ with Japanese examples, a reference table and exercises with explained answers.
Read and practiseJapanese ใช-adjectives: before nouns and with ใงใ
Explore โJapanese ใช-adjectives: before nouns and with ใงใโ with Japanese examples, a reference table and exercises with explained answers.
Read and practiseใใใปใใใปใใ: pointing to things
Explore โใใใปใใใปใใ: pointing to thingsโ with Japanese examples, a reference table and exercises with explained answers.
Read and practiseใใฎใปใใฎใปใใฎ: demonstratives before nouns
Explore โใใฎใปใใฎใปใใฎ: demonstratives before nounsโ with Japanese examples, a reference table and exercises with explained answers.
Read and practiseJapanese word order: building a sentence
Explore โJapanese word order: building a sentenceโ with Japanese examples, a reference table and exercises with explained answers.
Read and practiseJapanese verb ใฆ-form: how to make it
Explore โJapanese verb ใฆ-form: how to make itโ with Japanese examples, a reference table and exercises with explained answers.
Read and practiseใฆใใ ใใ: polite requests in Japanese
Explore โใฆใใ ใใ: polite requests in Japaneseโ with Japanese examples, a reference table and exercises with explained answers.
Read and practiseใฆใใ: actions in progress and states
Explore โใฆใใ: actions in progress and statesโ with Japanese examples, a reference table and exercises with explained answers.
Read and practiseJapanese question words: who, what, where and when
Explore โJapanese question words: who, what, where and whenโ with Japanese examples, a reference table and exercises with explained answers.
Read and practiseJapanese plain forms: verbs, adjectives and nouns
Compare Japanese plain forms of verbs, ใ- and ใช-adjectives and nouns across affirmative, negative and past sentences.
Read and practiseJapanese ใชใ-form: the plain negative
Make and use the Japanese ใชใ-form with godan and ichidan verbs, irregular forms, examples and explained practice.
Read and practiseJapanese ใ-form: the plain past
Learn the Japanese ใ-form of godan, ichidan and irregular verbs, with a reference table and explained practice.
Read and practiseJapanese dictionary form and verb classes
Recognise the Japanese dictionary form, distinguish godan and ichidan verbs, and practise returning polite forms to their entries.
Read and practiseJapanese questions with ใฏ and rising intonation
Ask informal Japanese questions with ใฏ and rising intonation, including short follow-up questions such as ็ฐไธญใใใฏ๏ผ.
Read and practiseใง or ใซ: places, actions and destinations
Choose ใง or ใซ for a place in Japanese: contrast where an action happens, where something exists and where someone goes.
Read and practiseใใ and ใพใง: from and until
Learn about โใใ and ใพใง: from and untilโ with natural Japanese examples, a reference table, and practice questions with explained answers.
Read and practiseใจ: joining Japanese nouns
Learn about โใจ: joining Japanese nounsโ with natural Japanese examples, a reference table, and practice questions with explained answers.
Read and practiseใ and ใชใฉ: giving examples in a list
Learn about โใ and ใชใฉ: giving examples in a listโ with natural Japanese examples, a reference table, and practice questions with explained answers.
Read and practiseใญ and ใ: sentence-final particles
Learn about โใญ and ใ: sentence-final particlesโ with natural Japanese examples, a reference table, and practice questions with explained answers.
Read and practiseCounting things with ใใใพใ and ใใพใ
Learn about โCounting things with ใใใพใ and ใใพใโ with natural Japanese examples, a reference table, and practice questions with explained answers.
Read and practisePast forms of Japanese ใ and ใช adjectives
Learn about โPast forms of Japanese ใ and ใช adjectivesโ with natural Japanese examples, a reference table, and practice questions with explained answers.
Read and practiseThe ใฆ-form: joining actions in sequence
Learn about โThe ใฆ-form: joining actions in sequenceโ with natural Japanese examples, a reference table, and practice questions with explained answers.
Read and practiseใใ: expressing a desire to act
Learn about โใใ: expressing a desire to actโ with natural Japanese examples, a reference table, and practice questions with explained answers.
Read and practiseๅฅฝใ and ๅซใ: likes and dislikes with ใ
Learn about โๅฅฝใ and ๅซใ: likes and dislikes with ใโ with natural Japanese examples, a reference table, and practice questions with explained answers.
Read and practiseใปใใ: wanting an object
Learn about โใปใใ: wanting an objectโ with natural Japanese examples, a reference table, and practice questions with explained answers.
Read and practiseใซ่กใ: going somewhere to do something
Learn about โใซ่กใ: going somewhere to do somethingโ with natural Japanese examples, a reference table, and practice questions with explained answers.
Read and practiseใใ and ใปใ: comparing two things
Learn about โใใ and ใปใ: comparing two thingsโ with natural Japanese examples, a reference table, and practice questions with explained answers.
Read and practiseJapanese ใใกใฐใ: saying โthe mostโ
Learn about โJapanese ใใกใฐใ: saying โthe mostโโ with natural Japanese examples, a reference table and exercises with explained answers.
Read and practiseJapanese ใใ for giving a reason
Learn about โJapanese ใใ for giving a reasonโ with natural Japanese examples, a reference table and exercises with explained answers.
Read and practiseJapanese ใงใ and ใใใ for contrast
Learn about โJapanese ใงใ and ใใใ for contrastโ with natural Japanese examples, a reference table and exercises with explained answers.
Read and practiseJapanese negative adverbs ใใพใ and ๅ จ็ถ
Learn about โJapanese negative adverbs ใใพใ and ๅ จ็ถโ with natural Japanese examples, a reference table and exercises with explained answers.
Read and practiseJapanese time expressions and ใซ
Learn about โJapanese time expressions and ใซโ with natural Japanese examples, a reference table and exercises with explained answers.
Read and practiseThe Japanese particle ใธ for direction
Learn about โThe Japanese particle ใธ for directionโ with natural Japanese examples, a reference table and exercises with explained answers.
Read and practiseใใใงใใ: responding to news in Japanese
Learn about โใใใงใใ: responding to news in Japaneseโ with natural Japanese examples, a reference table and exercises with explained answers.
Read and practiseใชใใง: doing something without another action
Learn โใชใใง: doing something without another actionโ through natural Japanese examples, a reference table and practice with explained answers.
Read and practiseใชใใฆใฏใใใชใ: expressing obligation
Learn โใชใใฆใฏใใใชใ: expressing obligationโ through natural Japanese examples, a reference table and practice with explained answers.
Read and practiseใชใใฆใใใ: saying an action is optional
Learn โใชใใฆใใใ: saying an action is optionalโ through natural Japanese examples, a reference table and practice with explained answers.
Read and practiseใฆใใใ: asking for and giving permission
Learn โใฆใใใ: asking for and giving permissionโ through natural Japanese examples, a reference table and practice with explained answers.
Read and practiseใฆใฏใใใชใ: saying something is forbidden
Learn โใฆใฏใใใชใ: saying something is forbiddenโ through natural Japanese examples, a reference table and practice with explained answers.
Read and practiseใใจใใงใใ: describing ability and possibility
Learn โใใจใใงใใ: describing ability and possibilityโ through natural Japanese examples, a reference table and practice with explained answers.
Read and practiseJapanese potential form: saying what you can do
Learn โJapanese potential form: saying what you can doโ through natural Japanese examples, a reference table and practice with explained answers.
Read and practiseJapanese volitional form: intentions and invitations
Learn โJapanese volitional form: intentions and invitationsโ through natural Japanese examples, a reference table and practice with explained answers.
Read and practiseใคใใ: talking about your intentions
Learn โใคใใ: talking about your intentionsโ through natural Japanese examples, a reference table and practice with explained answers.
Read and practiseไบๅฎ: describing plans and arrangements
Learn โไบๅฎ: describing plans and arrangementsโ through natural Japanese examples, a reference table and practice with explained answers.
Read and practiseๅใซ: saying what happens before
Learn โๅใซ: saying what happens beforeโ through natural Japanese examples, a reference table and practice with explained answers.
Read and practiseๅพใง: saying what happens after
Learn โๅพใง: saying what happens afterโ through natural Japanese examples, a reference table and practice with explained answers.
Read and practiseWhen with ใจใ
Explore โWhen with ใจใโ through six Japanese examples, a form table and practice with explained answers.
Read and practiseConditions and sequence with ใใ
Explore โConditions and sequence with ใใโ through six Japanese examples, a form table and practice with explained answers.
Read and practiseAutomatic consequences with conditional ใจ
Explore โAutomatic consequences with conditional ใจโ through six Japanese examples, a form table and practice with explained answers.
Read and practiseConditional ใฐ
Explore โConditional ใฐโ through six Japanese examples, a form table and practice with explained answers.
Read and practiseGiven a situation with ใชใ
Explore โGiven a situation with ใชใโ through six Japanese examples, a form table and practice with explained answers.
Read and practiseChoosing ใจ, ใฐ, ใใ and ใชใ
Explore โChoosing ใจ, ใฐ, ใใ and ใชใโ through six Japanese examples, a form table and practice with explained answers.
Read and practiseCompletion and regret with ใฆใใพใ
Explore โCompletion and regret with ใฆใใพใโ through six Japanese examples, a form table and practice with explained answers.
Read and practisePreparation with ใฆใใ
Explore โPreparation with ใฆใใโ through six Japanese examples, a form table and practice with explained answers.
Read and practiseTrying something with ใฆใฟใ
Explore โTrying something with ใฆใฟใโ through six Japanese examples, a form table and practice with explained answers.
Read and practiseDoing a favor with ใฆใใใ
Explore โDoing a favor with ใฆใใใโ through six Japanese examples, a form table and practice with explained answers.
Read and practiseA favor for me with ใฆใใใ
Explore โA favor for me with ใฆใใใโ through six Japanese examples, a form table and practice with explained answers.
Read and practiseReceiving a favor with ใฆใใใ
Explore โReceiving a favor with ใฆใใใโ through six Japanese examples, a form table and practice with explained answers.
Read and practiseJapanese ใใใ, ใใใ and ใใใ: giving and receiving
Choose Japanese ใใใ, ใใใ or ใใใ by following giver, recipient and point of view, with examples and explained practice.
Read and practiseJapanese ใใงใ: giving context and explanations
Learn how Japanese ใใงใ adds context, explains a situation or asks for a reason, with natural examples and practice.
Read and practiseJapanese ใใใงใ: judging by appearance
Learn how Japanese appearance ใใใงใ expresses a visible impression or an imminent event, with examples and explained practice.
Read and practiseJapanese hearsay ใใใงใ: reporting what you heard
Report information heard or read in Japanese with hearsay ใใใงใ, including plain verbs, adjectives and nouns.
Read and practiseใใใ : that explains it
Learn how ใใใ draws a natural conclusion from a known reason, with Japanese examples and practice.
Read and practiseJapanese ใใใงใฏใชใ: partial negation
Learn how ใใใงใฏใชใ rejects an assumption or generalization, with forms, examples and practice in Japanese.
Read and practiseJapanese ใฏใใใชใ: saying something is impossible
Learn how ใฏใใใชใ expresses a strong conclusion that something cannot be true, with forms and practice.
Read and practiseJapanese ใใใซใใ: effort and habits
Learn how ใใใซใใ expresses a conscious effort, a decision or an established habit, including negative verbs.
Read and practiseJapanese ใฆใใ: change from now
Learn how Japanese ใฆใใ describes a change or continuing action moving forward from a reference point.
Read and practiseJapanese ใฆใใ: change up to now
Learn how Japanese ใฆใใ describes a change or continuing action leading up to the present, with examples and practice.
Read and practiseJapanese ใฆใใ and ใฆใใ: direction of change
Learn how ใฆใใ and ใฆใใ express change over time in Japanese, from developments so far to changes ahead.
Read and practiseJapanese ใซใคใใฆ: talking about a subject
Learn how to use ใซใคใใฆ and ใซใคใใฆใฎ to discuss, research and describe a subject in Japanese.
Read and practiseJapanese ใซๅฏพใใฆ: toward and in contrast
Learn how ใซๅฏพใใฆ marks the target of an action or contrasts two facts, and how ใซๅฏพใใ modifies a noun.
Read and practiseJapanese ใใใซ: purpose and cause
Learn how Japanese ใใใซ expresses a goal, a beneficiary, or the cause of an actual result, with examples and practice.
Read and practiseJapanese ใใใซ for purpose: ability and prevention
Learn how Japanese ใใใซ expresses a desired ability or prevents an unwanted outcome, with examples and practice.
Read and practiseJapanese ใใใซ vs ใใใซ: expressing purpose
Learn when to use ใใใซ or ใใใซ for a purpose, with intention, ability, prevention and practice.
Read and practiseJapanese ใจใใใ : stages of an action
Learn how Japanese ใจใใใ marks an action just before it starts, while it is underway, or immediately after it ends.
Read and practiseJapanese ใฆใใ for a resulting state
Learn how Japanese ใฆใใ describes a state left by a completed change, with examples and practice.
Read and practiseJapanese ใใใ : inference and resemblance
Learn how Japanese ใใใ expresses evidence-based inference and resemblance, with forms, examples and practice.
Read and practiseJapanese ใใใ: hearsay, inference and typicality
Learn how Japanese ใใใ reports indirect information or describes something typical, with forms and practice.
Read and practiseJapanese ใซ้ใใชใ: strong inference
Learn how ใซ้ใใชใ expresses a confident inference in Japanese, and attach it to verbs, adjectives and nouns.
Read and practiseJapanese ใใใใใชใ: expressing possibility
Learn how to express uncertain possibilities in Japanese with ใใใใใชใ, including negative and past forms.
Read and practiseJapanese ใใฎใ : general expectations
Learn how Japanese ใใฎใ expresses what is generally natural or expected, including social norms and negative forms.
Read and practiseJapanese ใใจใฏใชใ: there is no need
Learn how ใใจใฏใชใ expresses that an action is unnecessary, with dictionary-form verbs, examples and practice.
Read and practiseJapanese ใจใใ: names and quoted content
Learn how Japanese ใจใใ connects a name or a quoted statement to a noun, with examples and practice.
Read and practiseJapanese ใซใใฃใฆ: cause, means and agent
Learn how Japanese ใซใใฃใฆ expresses a cause, a means or the agent of a passive sentence, with examples and practice.
Read and practiseJapanese ใซใจใฃใฆ: expressing perspective
Learn how ใซใจใฃใฆ frames a judgment from someoneโs perspective, and how ใซใจใฃใฆใฎ connects that perspective to a noun.
Read and practiseJapanese ใซใใฆใฏ: an unexpected standard
Learn how Japanese ใซใใฆใฏ compares a fact with an unexpected result, with natural examples and practice.
Read and practiseJapanese ใใ: even and if only
Learn how Japanese ใใ highlights an unexpected example and how ใใโฆใฐ expresses a sufficient condition.
Read and practiseJapanese ใใใซใชใ: changes in ability and habit
Learn how ใใใซใชใ expresses a new ability, a developing habit or the end of a habitual action in Japanese.
Read and practiseJapanese ใใจใซใชใ: a decision or outcome
Learn how ใใจใซใชใ expresses an established decision, an eventual outcome, or a standing rule in Japanese.
Read and practiseJapanese ใใจใซใใ: deciding to do something
Learn how to express personal decisions and self-imposed habits in Japanese using ใใจใซใใ, including negative verbs.
Read and practiseJapanese ใใใจใใใ: past experience
Learn to describe past experiences in Japanese with ใใใจใใใ, including questions, negatives and verb forms.
Read and practiseJapanese ใใใใใใใ: examples of actions
Learn to list representative actions in Japanese with ใใใใใใใ, form it from the past plain form and set its tense.
Read and practiseJapanese ใ: listing reasons
Learn to give several reasons with Japanese ใ, connect predicates naturally, and suggest that other reasons may exist.
Read and practiseJapanese ใฎใซ: unexpected contrast
Learn how Japanese ใฎใซ connects a fact with an unexpected result, with verb, adjective and noun forms.
Read and practiseJapanese passive verbs: receiving an action
Learn how to form Japanese passive verbs and describe actions received, including affected possessions and common pitfalls.
Read and practiseJapanese causative form: make or let someone act
Learn how to form Japanese causative verbs and express making or letting someone do something, with particles and examples.
Read and practiseJapanese relative clauses: phrases before nouns
Learn to describe people and things with Japanese relative clauses, using plain verbs before the noun.
Read and practiseJapanese ใฎ and ใใจ: turning actions into nouns
Learn how Japanese ใฎ and ใใจ turn actions into nouns, and choose the right form for likes, decisions and ability.
Read and practiseJapanese ใฏใ: expectations based on evidence
Learn to express a reasoned expectation with Japanese ใฏใ, including verbs, adjectives, nouns and negative clauses.
Read and practiseJapanese ใฟใใ: resemblance and inference
Learn how Japanese ใฟใใ expresses resemblance or a conclusion from clues, with forms, examples and practice.
Read and practiseJapanese ใใใ: expressing excess
Learn how Japanese ใใใ expresses too much with verbs and adjectives, and practise its past and negative forms.
Read and practiseJapanese ใใใ and ใซใใ: easy or hard to do
Learn how Japanese ใใใ and ใซใใ attach to verb stems to express ease or difficulty, with examples and practice.
Read and practiseJapanese ใชใใ: doing two actions at once
Learn how to use Japanese ใชใใ to describe simultaneous actions, form verb stems, and identify the main action.
Read and practiseJapanese ้ใซ: an event during an interval
Learn how Japanese ้ใซ places an event within a period, and how it differs from an action lasting throughout that period.
Read and practiseJapanese ใฐใใ: only and just completed
Learn how Japanese ใฐใใ expresses doing only one thing or an action the speaker feels happened recently.
Read and practiseJapanese ใจใใซ vs ใใ: expressing timing
Learn how Japanese ใจใใซ sets a time frame and ใใ connects an event to what happens afterward.
Read and practiseJapanese ใซ่ถณใ: worthy of an action
Learn N1 ใซ่ถณใ to judge whether a person, claim or work merits trust, attention or consideration.
Read and practiseJapanese ใซๅ ชใใชใ: unable to bear
Learn N1 ใซๅ ชใใชใ for unbearable sights and sounds and for formal expressions of profound gratitude or sorrow.
Read and practiseJapanese ใจ่จใใใฐใใ: as if saying
Learn how ใจ่จใใใฐใใ conveys an implied message through a gesture, expression or scene, with N1 examples and practice.
Read and practiseJapanese ใซใฒใใใ: striking contrast
Learn how N1 ใซใฒใใใ contrasts people, situations and periods, and practise connecting nouns and clauses naturally.
Read and practiseใจใใใใฎใงใฏใชใ: not necessarily
Learn how ใจใใใใฎใงใฏใชใ challenges a general assumption in Japanese, while leaving room for exceptions.
Read and practiseJapanese ใซ่ณใ: reaching an outcome
Learn how ใซ่ณใ describes reaching an outcome or stage after a process, and practise its formal patterns.
Read and practiseJapanese ใซใปใใชใใชใ: nothing other than
Learn how N1 ใซใปใใชใใชใ identifies a cause or character with conviction, and practise its formal patterns.
Read and practiseJapanese ใจ็ธใพใฃใฆ: factors acting together
Learn how ใจ็ธใพใฃใฆ links two contributing factors to a shared result in formal Japanese, with examples and practice.
Read and practiseJapanese ใจ่จใใ: drawing qualified conclusions
Use ใจ่จใใ to draw a reasoned Japanese conclusion, state its limits and distinguish it from an absolute claim.
Read and practiseJapanese ใ็ฆใๅพใชใ: unable to suppress a feeling
Learn the formal N1 pattern ใ็ฆใๅพใชใ to express feelings you cannot suppress, with examples and practice.
Read and practiseJapanese ใซใใใใใ: regardless of
Learn how ใซใใใใใ expresses an outcome that stays the same regardless of a condition or whether something happens.
Read and practiseJapanese ใซ้ใ: limited to a specified case
Learn how formal Japanese ใซ้ใ restricts an offer or rule to particular people, dates or circumstances.
Read and practiseJapanese ใใใใฃใฆ: disputes and debate
Learn N2 ใใใใฃใฆ and ใใใใ to describe disputes, negotiations and discussions centered on an issue in Japanese.
Read and practiseJapanese ใซๅบใฅใใฆ: based on evidence
Learn how ใซๅบใฅใใฆ links an action to its basis, and use ใซๅบใฅใ and ใซๅบใฅใ in formal Japanese.
Read and practiseJapanese ใ้ใใฆ: throughout and through a medium
Learn how Japanese ใ้ใใฆ expresses an entire period or a channel, intermediary or experience, with examples and practice.
Read and practiseJapanese ใซๆฒฟใฃใฆ: following a plan or route
Learn how ใซๆฒฟใฃใฆ expresses action in accordance with a plan, wishes or guidelines, and movement along a route.
Read and practiseJapanese ใซๅฟใใฆ: responding to requests and expectations
Learn how ใซๅฟใใฆ links a request, question or expectation to a deliberate response, and how its form modifies a noun.
Read and practiseJapanese ใใใจใใฃใฆ: not merely because
Learn N2 ใใใจใใฃใฆ to challenge a conclusion drawn from one reason, with natural examples and practice.
Read and practiseJapanese ไธใง: after doing and in the course of
Learn N2 ไธใง for a considered step after an action and for points important in carrying out an activity.
Read and practiseJapanese ้ใใงใฏ: as far as the evidence goes
Learn how Japanese ้ใใงใฏ limits a statement to what you know, heard, saw or checked, with examples and practice.
Read and practiseJapanese ใใฎใฎ: although a fact is true
Learn N2 ใใฎใฎ to acknowledge a fact while presenting a contrasting outcome, with forms, examples and practice.
Read and practiseJapanese ใซใใฆใ: even if and whether
Learn N2 ใซใใฆใ to concede a possibility or compare alternatives, with examples and practice in Japanese.
Read and practiseJapanese ใจใใฆใ: even assuming that
Learn N2 ใจใใฆใ to consider a hypothetical situation and explain what remains true even if it occurs.
Read and practiseJapanese ใซ็ธ้ใชใ: formal certainty
Express a strong conclusion in formal Japanese with ใซ็ธ้ใชใ, and learn how verbs, adjectives and nouns connect to it.
Read and practiseJapanese ใใใซ: more than expected
Learn how Japanese ใใใซ compares a result with what you would expect from a given situation, with examples and practice.
Read and practiseJapanese ใซๅพใฃใฆ: changes that proceed together
Learn how Japanese ใซๅพใฃใฆ links two gradual changes, with verb and noun patterns, examples and practice.
Read and practiseJapanese ใซใคใใฆ: changes that develop together
Learn how Japanese ใซใคใใฆ links two gradual changes, with verb and noun patterns, natural examples and practice.
Read and practiseJapanese ไธๆนใง: contrasting trends and perspectives
Learn how ไธๆนใง contrasts trends or two aspects of a situation, and distinguish it from ไธๆนใ .
Read and practiseJapanese ใฉใใใ: far from and let alone
Learn how Japanese ใฉใใใ overturns an expectation or adds a surprising fact, with forms and practice.
Read and practiseJapanese ใใใซใฏใใใชใ: unable to act for social reasons
Learn how ใใใซใฏใใใชใ expresses a decision constrained by duty, circumstances or social expectations, and how its negative form creates an obligation.
Read and practiseJapanese ใซไผดใฃใฆ: changes that accompany another
Learn N2 ใซไผดใฃใฆ to describe changes and events accompanying a development, with noun and verb patterns.
Read and practiseJapanese ใใใใจใฏ: once something has happened
Learn how ใใใใจใฏ sets a point after which a situation or consequence applies, and contrast it with ใใจใง.
Read and practiseJapanese ใใซ: doing something without another action
Learn how Japanese ใใซ links an omitted action to what happens next, with verb forms, exceptions and practice.
Read and practiseJapanese ใ ใใงใชใ: not only
Learn how ใ ใใงใชใ adds a second fact in Japanese, with nouns, verbs and adjectives, and practise the particle ใ.
Read and practiseJapanese ใฐใใใงใชใ: not only
Learn how ใฐใใใงใชใ connects two facts in Japanese, with noun, verb and adjective patterns and practice.
Read and practiseJapanese ใซ้ใฃใฆ: precisely when things go wrong
Learn how Japanese ใซ้ใฃใฆ singles out an inconvenient time, with examples, contrast and practice.
Read and practiseJapanese ใใใใ: spending time and money
Learn how Japanese ใใใใ expresses time or money invested in an activity, and practise linking it to a result.
Read and practiseJapanese ้ใ: as long as a condition holds
Learn how ้ใ expresses a continuing condition in Japanese, including adjective and noun forms and the negative pattern ใชใ้ใ.
Read and practiseJapanese ใใใใง and ใใใง: giving credit or blame
Learn how ใใใใง and ใใใง attribute a Japanese outcome to a cause, with forms, examples and practice.
Read and practiseJapanese ใฏใ vs ใใ: expectation and inference
Learn how ใฏใ expresses an expectation and ใใ explains a conclusion, with natural examples and practice.
Read and practiseJapanese causative-passive: being made to do something
Learn Japanese causative-passive forms, including shortened godan variants, and describe actions someone made you perform.
Read and practiseJapanese ใชใฉ and ใจใ: examples and register
Learn how ใชใฉ and ใจใ introduce examples in Japanese, and choose a natural register for lists and activities.
Read and practiseJapanese ใฎใซ vs ใใฉ: expressing contrast
Learn how ใฎใซ signals an unexpected outcome while ใใฉ connects contrasting ideas or softens a conversational opening.
Read and practiseJapanese ใฐใใใฃใ: regret about a choice
Express regret about an unrealised choice in Japanese with ใฐใใใฃใ, including negative forms and practical examples.
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