hiç, hiçbir, kimse: nobody, nothing, never
Say nobody, nothing, no one and never in Turkish: how kimse, hiçbir şey, hiçbir and hiç work with a negative verb, and why Kimse geldi is wrong.
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Turkish grammar
Learn vowel harmony, word order, negation and sentence patterns one rule at a time, with examples and typed practice.
Adventure journal
Turkish grammar
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Reported past: hearing, inferring and discovering
A snowy street or a message from a friend: choose the Turkish reported past to show how you learned what happened, including discoveries about yourself.
Read and practisePast before past: what had already happened
The film was already running when we arrived: use Turkish past-perfect sentences to separate an earlier event from a later past moment.
Read and practiseFuture in the past: earlier plans and their outcomes
An evening meeting, a changed plan: use the Turkish future in the past to separate what was intended from what actually happened.
Read and practiseUsed to: recalling past routines in Turkish
Morning watering, early closing, evening stories: describe former routines in Turkish and distinguish a past habit from a single completed event.
Read and practiseReal conditions: linking a possible event to its result
A rainy day can change your plans: connect a possible condition to a result in Turkish, including negative conditions and instructions.
Read and practiseUnreal conditions: imagining a different outcome
A missed train, an unmade call: imagine a different outcome in Turkish, link an unreal condition to its result, and distinguish yesterday from now.
Read and practiseWishes and regrets with keşke
A missed call or a wish for tomorrow: express both with keşke, choose the intended time, and see why olsaydı does not always point to the past.
Read and practiseLet someone else do it: the third-person imperative
Elif can wait here, the children can play outside: use the Turkish third-person imperative to give instructions about others or express a wish.
Read and practiseThe passive voice: make the object the subject
A parcel sent, a wall painted: use the Turkish passive to report what happens to something, remove its object ending and name the doer only when useful.
Read and practiseThe causative: who makes the action happen?
A shelf made by a craftsperson, a joke that makes everyone laugh: use the Turkish causative and choose the case of the person carrying out the action.
Read and practiseReflexive and reciprocal verbs: who acts on whom?
Washing yourself, meeting someone, laughing together: distinguish reflexive and reciprocal actions in Turkish without guessing from the verb ending alone.
Read and practiseUsing the Turkish infinitive in sentences
An activity can be the subject of a Turkish sentence. Use infinitive phrases for actions and wishes, and distinguish okumak from okumayı.
Read and practisePurpose clauses: saying what an action is for
A pause, a meeting, a note: connect an action to its goal in Turkish, express a negative purpose, and distinguish a formal intention from being about to act.
Read and practiseThe verbal noun: an action with its own subject
A whole action can be a subject or object in Turkish. Use -me/-ma with a possessive ending, choose its case, and distinguish coming from not coming.
Read and practiseStatements inside sentences: -dik and -ecek
A statement can become the object of “know” or “think” in Turkish. Connect its subject, possessive ending and case, and distinguish present facts from future events.
Read and practiseRelative clauses: identifying the subject with -en
A waiting passenger, a fallen glass: build Turkish relative clauses that identify the subject, keep the description before the noun and distinguish its two sentence roles.
Read and practiseRelative clauses: the thing I did or will do
A notebook you bought, a hotel you will stay in: identify Turkish nouns with relative clauses, mark who acts and distinguish present or past from future.
Read and practiseLinking clauses with -ip: one subject, two actions
Two actions, one conjugated verb: use Turkish -ip to link events, keep tense on the final verb and preserve different subjects with separate clauses.
Read and practiseBy doing: linking actions with -erek
Writing to learn, walking to get somewhere: use Turkish -erek to explain how an action happens, and distinguish a method from a simple sequence.
Read and practiseWhen one event leads to another: -ince
A ringing bell, a cooling cup: connect an event to what follows with Turkish -ince, identify each subject, and make an immediate response explicit.
Read and practiseWhile: connecting actions with -ken
Two actions can share a stretch of time. Use Turkish while-clauses to set the scene, identify each subject and place an event inside an ongoing activity.
Read and practiseBefore or without doing: interpreting -meden
An untasted soup and a table set early: use Turkish -meden to distinguish an omitted action from a later event, and make “before” explicit with önce.
Read and practiseAfter an action: putting Turkish events in order
Curtains open after waking; a conversation follows reading. Connect Turkish events with an after-clause, choose the main tense and make a change of subject clear.
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