ev: house and home with every ending
Why ev keeps its v and takes front-vowel endings (evler, evde, evim), and how eve and evde come to mean going home and being at home.
Read and practiseAdventure journal
Turkish nouns
Learn each noun with its plural, case and possessive forms, then use it in short sentences.
Adventure journal
Turkish nouns
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kitap (book): kitabım, kitaba, kitapta
The p at the end of kitap turns into b in kitabım and kitaba but stays in kitapta and kitaplar: see every form and which endings cause the change.
Read and practisesu (water): suyu, suyun, suya and the y
Learn how the noun su takes its endings: why it is suya and suyu with a y, why the genitive is suyun and not sunun, and which forms stay plain, as in suda and sudan.
Read and practiseekmek: bread and the k that turns into ğ
Why bread is ekmeği and ekmeğim but ekmekler and ekmekte: the final k softens to ğ only before a vowel, shown on one everyday noun.
Read and practisearaba: the car and its endings
Why araba becomes arabayı and arabaya but arabam and arabası: how a noun ending in a vowel handles every case and possessive ending.
Read and practiseokul: school, with every ending it takes
Learn how okul (school) takes plural, possessive and case endings, as in okullar, okulum, okulda and okula, and why okulu can mean two different things.
Read and practisearkadaş: the word for friend and its endings
Why arkadaş takes -ta and -tan instead of -da and -dan, why its ş never changes, and how plural, possessive and case endings stack: arkadaşlarımızdan.
Read and practiseçay: tea and its endings
The noun çay (tea) with the plural, accusative, dative, locative, ablative and possessive endings, and why it is çaya and çayı, never çayya.
Read and practisekedi (cat): kedim, kediye, kedisi
Kedim, kediye, kediyi or kedisi? See how a noun ending in i adds y, n or s before a vowel ending, why it is never kediim, and every case and possessive form.
Read and practisemasa (table): masaya, masayı, masası
Where does the y in masaya and masayı come from? See how the noun masa (table) takes every common ending after its final vowel, and why masası is not masayı.
Read and practiseoda (room): odada, odaya, odası, oda da
Odada or oda da? One written word means 'in the room', the other 'the room too'. Plus every ending of oda, with the buffers y and s: odaya, odayı, odası.
Read and practisepara: money and its endings
Param yok, Para biriktiriyorum, Parayı bıraktım: how para (money) takes -ya, -yı, -m and -sı, and when a general sum stays bare.
Read and practiseşehir (city): şehre, şehri, şehrimiz
Şehrim, not şehirim: the i of şehir drops before an ending that starts with a vowel (şehri, şehre, şehrimiz) but stays in şehirde, şehirden and şehirler.
Read and practisekapı (door): kapıyı, kapıya, kapısı
Words that end in a vowel need a joining y or n: see why kapı becomes kapıya and kapıyı, but kapısına, with every form in one table.
Read and practisepencere (window): pencereye, pencereden, penceresi
Pencereye or pencereden? Looking at a window and looking out of it use different cases; see every ending of pencere (window) with front-vowel harmony.
Read and practisesokak (street): sokağa, sokakta, sokaklar
Sokakta or sokağta? Build the forms of sokak (street), see why the k becomes ğ before vowels only, and how a street name like Gül Sokağı'nda takes its endings.
Read and practiseyol: road, way, and the endings it takes
Road, way or route: see how yol takes plural, possessive and case endings (yollar, yolum, yolda, yoldan) and how to say “the road to school” in Turkish.
Read and practiseotobüs: bus, and why it takes -te and -ten
Otobüste or otobüsde? See why the final s of otobüs (bus) calls for -te and -ten, never softens, and why you board otobüse.
Read and practiseçocuk (child): çocuğa, çocukta, çocukları
Does çocukları mean the children or their child? See how çocuk (child) softens its k, which endings fit, and why the same spelling can mean different things.
Read and practiseanne: mother, my mother, to her mother
Anneyi, annesini, annesinden: follow anne through the cases, the plural and the possessives, and see where the joining letters y and n appear.
Read and practisekardeş (sibling): kardeşim, kardeşte, kardeşten
One word covers brother and sister: kardeş. See its plural, possessive and case forms, and why the ş turns -de into -te in kardeşte and kardeşten.
Read and practiseöğretmen: teacher, and the ending that means two things
Öğretmenim can mean “my teacher” or “I am a teacher”. See how öğretmen, a noun ending in n with a front last vowel, takes -ler, -e, -de, -den and -imiz.
Read and practisedoktor (doctor): doktorum, doktora, doktordan
Doktorum can mean my doctor or I am a doctor. See how doktor takes plural, possessive and case endings after its back vowel o, with no softening.
Read and practisetelefon (phone): telefonlar, telefonda, telefonum
Why does telefon, with an e at the start, take -lar and -da instead of -ler and -de? Build its plural, possessive and case forms and the phrase telefonla.
Read and practiseçanta (bag): çantam, çantayı, çantasında
Çantam, çantan, çantası: see how a word ending in -a takes possessives without an extra vowel, and why the case ending comes after them (çantamda).
Read and practiseayakkabı: shoes, my shoes, in the shoe
Two pairs, one noun: build ayakkabı with -lar, -yı, -ya, -da and -dan, and see why it stays singular after a number and why kk stays double.
Read and practisegömlek: shirt, gömleğim and gömlekte
Gömleğim or gömlekim? Choose the ending for a shirt you wear, iron or sew, and see why gömlek softens before vowels but stays in gömlekte and gömlekler.
Read and practiseyemek: meal, dish and akşam yemeği
Akşam yemeği or akşam yemek? See why dinner needs the -i of a compound, how yemek becomes yemeği, yemeğe and yemeğin, and why the plural stays yemekler.
Read and practisesüt (milk): sütü, süte, sütten
Sütte, not südde: milk keeps its hard t before every ending, while the vowel turns round in sütü, sütüm and sütümüzden. Every common form of süt in one table.
Read and practisepeynir: cheese and its endings
Peyniri or peynir? See how cheese takes its endings without changing, and when the object needs -i and when the bare word is right.
Read and practiseelma (apple): elma yedim, elmayı yedim
Elma yedim or elmayı yedim? See when the noun elma (apple) takes the accusative, why it stays singular after a number, and how elma suyu and elmalı are built.
Read and practisehava: weather, air and its endings
Bugün hava güzel: hava means both weather and air, with no word for “it”. See havada, havaya, havası, havalar and the phrase hava almak.
Read and practisezaman (time): zamanım, zamanda, zamanında
Saat kaç? is not zaman kaç. Build zamanım, zamanda and zamanında, and see why clock time is saat, counted times are kez, and zaman never softens.
Read and practiseiş (work): işe, işte, işten
Going to work, being at work, coming home from it: işe, işte, işten. See why iş takes -te and -ten after its voiceless ş, and what işte means when it starts a sentence.
Read and practiseyer (place): yerde, yerim, yerinde
Yerde means on the floor, yerinde means in its place: build every form of yer (place) and see why an n appears after the possessive -i.
Read and practisegün: day, günü, günde, günler
Cuma günü, not cuma günde: build the forms of gün (day) with plural, possessive and cases, and see why days of the week take the ending -ü.
Read and practisekomşu: neighbour, neighbours and whose neighbour
Komşuyu or komşusu? A single consonant separates the neighbour you wait for from someone’s neighbour. Build the cases, plural and possessive forms of komşu.
Read and practiseA guest in Turkish: cases and possession
Welcoming a guest starts with choosing the right ending: practise cases, plurals and possessives, including the difference between a guest and someone’s guest.
Read and practisemüşteri: a customer, the customer, your customer
Müşteriyi or müşterisi? Keep the final i of müşteri and choose the form for a customer you call, a customer’s bag, or customers who buy from you.
Read and practisePatron: boss, cases and possession
Whose boss is waiting? Use patron, patronu and patronunu in workplace sentences, with a table of case, plural and possessive forms.
Read and practiseişçi: worker, case forms and possession
İşçim or işçiyim? One means “my worker”, the other “I am a worker”. Follow işçi through its cases, plural and possessives with workplace examples.
Read and practisememur: civil servant, cases and possessives
Memura or posta memuruna? Work through the cases and possessives of memur, keep the stem intact, and build memurlarımız with the right vowel.
Read and practiseHasta: patient, cases and possession
Hastayı or hastası? Follow a patient through Turkish case and possessive forms, including hastasına, and distinguish “my patient” from “I am ill”.
Read and practiseLawyer: cases and possession in Turkish
A lawyer keeps the final consonant in Turkish: practise case forms, plurals and possession, and distinguish “my lawyer” from “I am a lawyer”.
Read and practiseMühendis: engineer, cases and possessive forms
Mühendiste has t, but mühendisi keeps s: follow the forms of “engineer”, from a drawing shown to one person to desks reserved for our engineers.
Read and practisepolis: police officer, cases and possession
One officer or several? Polis can name a person: practise polise, poliste and polisin, then connect the noun to a district with semtimizin polisi.
Read and practiseHospital in Turkish: cases, plurals and possession
A hospital on a map, a workplace or a destination: practise the Turkish noun’s case and possessive forms, including the ending in “children’s hospital”.
Read and practiseEczane: pharmacy cases and possession
Eczaneyi and eczanesi differ by one consonant but do different jobs. Practise pharmacy cases, plurals and possession, then build eczanesine.
Read and practiseBanka: bank, its cases and possessive forms
Bankaya, bankayı or bankası? Keep the final a in banka, distinguish a destination from a specific object, and say whose bank you mean.
Read and practisePostane: post office, cases and possession
At the neighbourhood post office: build postane’s case, plural and possessive forms, and distinguish postanede from mahallemizin postanesinde.
Read and practiseBelediye: municipality, cases and possessive forms
The y in belediye belongs to the stem: keep it when forming belediyeye and belediyeyi. Practise municipality forms, plurals and “our municipality’s”.
Read and practiseMüze: museum forms and art-museum compounds
A museum visit starts with müzeye; an art museum needs sanat müzesine. Build case, plural and possessive forms without losing the compound ending.
Read and practiseKütüphane: library, cases and possession
A library you like or someone’s library? Distinguish the object and possessive forms of kütüphane, then practise its cases, plural and school-library phrases.
Read and practiseAirport in Turkish: the forms of havaalanı
Airport endings hide a compound: compare havaalanına, havaalanında and havaalanları, then say “our airport” without adding an extra vowel.
Read and practiseistasyon: station forms and the metro compound
Station entrances, routes and meeting points bring Turkish noun forms into focus: practise cases, possession and plurals, then keep the ending in “metro station”.
Read and practiseHotel: Turkish cases and possessive forms
A hotel stay gives each ending a job: name your destination, collect luggage from a hotel, and distinguish a hotel from his or her hotel.
Read and practiseRestoran: restaurant, cases and possession
A restaurant changes its ending with its role: compare restorana, restoranı and onun restoranında, then practise cases, plurals and ownership.
Read and practisepazar: market forms and the Sunday trap
A market visit or a Sunday plan? Build the cases, plural and possessive forms of pazar, and use context to keep its two everyday meanings apart.
Read and practiseMağaza: shop, ownership and clothing shops
A shop of your own or a clothing shop? Build mağaza case and possessive forms, and see why giyim mağazası becomes giyim mağazasına.
Read and practiseFırın: bakery, oven and noun forms
Bakery or oven? Fırın keeps both dotless vowels in fırını and fırınım. Practise its cases, plural and possessive forms with shopping and kitchen examples.
Read and practiseGarden: Turkish cases, plural and possession
A garden gate, a patch of mint, a neighbour’s pond: practise Turkish garden forms and distinguish a specific garden from someone’s garden.
Read and practisebalkon: balcony cases and possessives
Balcony breakfasts give balkon a setting: practise balkona, balkonda and balkondan, then distinguish cleaning a balcony from decorating someone’s balcony.
Read and practiseMutfak: kitchen cases and possessives
A kitchen changes from mutfakta to mutfağımızda when it becomes ours. Practise the cases, plural and possessives, keeping k or softening it where needed.
Read and practiseBanyo: bathroom cases and possession
A bathroom door, a clean towel, two bathrooms: practise banyo in its case and possessive forms, and distinguish banyoyu from banyosu and banyosunda.
Read and practisemerdiven: staircase, cases and possession
Twelve steps make one staircase: use merdiven in cases and possessive forms, distinguish it from basamak, and build merdiveninde without losing a suffix.
Read and practiseDuvar: wall, cases and possession
A freshly painted wall gives duvarı a clear context. Practise duvar in cases, plural and possessive forms, and distinguish duvarda from duvarında.
Read and practiseÇatı: roof, cases and possession
From çatıya to evin çatısına: describe roofs, follow the noun through its cases and possessive forms, and distinguish a roof from a room’s ceiling.
Read and practiseanahtar: key, cases and possession
A house key carries two endings in ev anahtarını. Explore the cases and possessives of anahtar, keep its stem intact, and distinguish “the key” from “their keys”.
Read and practiseTicket in Turkish: cases and possession
A ticket left at home or a date printed on it: practise ticket forms, keep the final consonant, and distinguish a specific ticket from someone’s ticket.
Read and practiseHarita: map forms and city maps
Unfold a map: practise harita in cases, plural and possessive forms, then see why “on the city map” is şehir haritasında, with an extra n.
Read and practisePhotograph in Turkish: cases and possession
A photo album makes the endings concrete: practise photograph forms, keep the final consonant, and distinguish a photo from someone’s photo.
Read and practiseNewspaper in Turkish: gazete and its forms
A newspaper on the balcony or a report in its pages: practise Turkish cases, plurals and possession, and distinguish gazeteyi from gazetesini.
Read and practiseDergi: magazine cases and possession
A magazine on your table becomes dergiyi when you read it and dergim when it is yours. Practise cases, plurals and the extra n in dergisinde.
Read and practiseMektup: letter, cases and possession
A letter in a drawer becomes mektubum when it is mine. Practise mektup in every case, build the plural, and distinguish mektubu from onun mektubunu.
Read and practisesınav: exam forms and verb partners
Taking an exam and passing it need different endings: practise sınav in cases, plurals and possessives, from sınava to sınavlarımızda.
Read and practiseders: lesson, class and possessive forms
A class on your timetable becomes derse, derste or dersten in a sentence. Build the forms of ders and distinguish studying from studying a particular lesson.
Read and practisesözlük: dictionary forms and looking up words
A dictionary search brings two forms together: sözlüğe bakmak and sözlükte aramak. Practise cases, plurals and possession without losing the k–ğ contrast.
Read and practiseSoru: a question, your question, our questions
Soruyu or soruya? Answering a question takes different endings with different verbs. Practise soru in cases, plurals and possessive forms.
Read and practiseCevap: answer, reply and noun forms
An answer changes shape in cevabı, cevapta and cevaplarımız. Practise the cases and possessives of cevap, and see why answering a question uses soruya cevap vermek.
Read and practisekelime: word, case forms and possession
A word on the board becomes kelimeyi when you read it, but kelimesini when it belongs to someone. Practise cases, plurals and possessives with kelime.
Read and practiseSentence: Turkish cases, plural and possessives
Editing a sentence gives each ending a job: practise the Turkish noun for sentence in case, plural and possessive forms, including a friend’s sentence as an object.
Read and practisehata: a mistake, its owner and its correction
A crossed-out word can reveal a mistake: practise the cases and possessives of hata, then distinguish hatayı from hatasını when correcting someone’s work.
Read and practisefikir: idea, opinion and the missing vowel
One idea becomes fikrim, several become fikirlerim. Follow fikir through cases and possession, and use the right form when you agree with someone’s idea.
Read and practisekonu: a topic and its forms
A discussion needs a topic: follow konu through cases, plurals and possessives, and distinguish choosing a topic from naming the subject of a text.
Read and practiseSorun: problem, cases and possession
Whose problem are we solving? Follow sorun through its case and possessive forms, distinguish sorunu from sorununu, and keep the n in sorunum.
Read and practiseTatil: holiday, holidays and whose holiday
Packing can wait: distinguish tatile, tatilde and tatilden, then build the plural and possessive forms of tatil to describe a holiday from departure to return.
Read and practisesağlık: health, possession and case endings
Health as a topic or someone’s health: use sağlık, sağlığa and sağlığını, distinguish possession from case, and recognise the limited role of the plural.
Read and practiseHastalık: illness, cases and possessive forms
One illness, two readings of hastalığı: use hastalık in cases, plurals and possessive forms, and tell a specific object from someone’s illness.
Read and practisePain in Turkish: cases and possessive forms
Describing a recurring pain takes more than one ending: practise the Turkish noun for pain in cases, plurals and possessives, including “his or her pain” as an object.
Read and practiseMedicine in Turkish: cases, plurals and possession
Two boxes of medicine give noun endings a purpose: describe what remains, whose medicine it is, and why Turkish changes the final consonant in some forms.
Read and practisekaza: accident, cases and possessives
An accident can be the thing you discuss or an event someone experienced. Practise the Turkish noun’s cases, plurals and possessives, including traffic accidents.
Read and practiseSigorta: insurance, cases and possession
Insurance paperwork gives sigorta a practical setting: compare its case and possessive forms, and keep the compound ending when using sağlık sigortası as an object.
Read and practiseTax in Turkish: cases, plurals and possession
A tax calculation can refer to the tax, our tax or a company’s tax. Practise the Turkish forms and distinguish a specific object from a possessive.
Read and practiseMaaş: salary, cases and possession
Payday brings maaş into focus: distinguish a salary from someone’s salary, build its case and plural forms, and explain the extra n in maaşını.
Read and practiseFatura: bill and invoice forms
A bill on the table becomes faturayı or elektrik faturasını in a sentence. Practise fatura in cases, plurals and possessives without losing the compound ending.
Read and practiseBütçe: budget, cases and possession
A project budget takes several forms in Turkish: bütçeyi, bütçeye and bütçesine. Practise cases, plural and possession without changing the stem.
Read and practiseBorç: debt, borrowing and possessive forms
Whose debt is being repaid? Follow borç through borcu, borcum and borcunu, with a case table and examples that distinguish borrowing from lending.
Read and practiseFiyat: price, cases and quoted amounts
A price on a label becomes fiyatı or fiyatını in a sentence. Keep the t in fiyat, build its case and possessive forms, and distinguish fiyata from fiyattan.
Read and practiseEkonomi: economy, cases and possession
Economiyi or ekonomisini? Follow ekonomi through case, plural and possessive forms, and distinguish the economy from a country’s economy in Turkish.
Read and practiseTicaret: trade, cases and possessive forms
Trade as an activity stays singular in Turkish. Explore ticaret, ticareti and ticaretimiz, keep the final t, and distinguish trade from individual transactions.
Read and practiseŞirket: company, cases and possession
Şirkete or şirketine? Follow a company through proposals and replies, keep its final t, and distinguish case endings from possession and noun compounds.
Read and practiseToplantı: meeting, attendance and noun forms
Attending or postponing a meeting changes toplantı to toplantıya or toplantıyı. Practise its cases, plural and possessives in workplace sentences.
Read and practiseBaşvuru: application, cases and possession
Başvuruyu or başvurusu? Follow a workshop application through Turkish cases, plurals and possessives, and keep the applicant visible in başvurusunu.
Read and practiseBelge: document forms and ownership
Belgeyi names the document you scan; belgesini keeps its owner in view. Practise cases, plurals and possessives through files, notes and missing pages.
Read and practiseEhliyet: driving licence and its forms
A driving licence in a drawer brings Turkish endings into focus: practise cases, plurals and possession, and distinguish ehliyeti from ehliyetini.
Read and practiseKimlik: an ID card, an identity, and their forms
A card in your wallet or a sense of identity: follow kimlik through its cases and possessives, and distinguish kimliği from kimliğini in a sentence.
Read and practisevize: visa forms and the phrase vize başvurusu
Visa or visa application? Follow vize through cases, plurals and possession, and keep the extra ending in vize başvurusu when naming an application.
Read and practiseSınır: borders, boundaries and limits
A line on a map and a budget ceiling can both be sınır. Build its case and possessive forms, and distinguish sınırı from sınırını in a sentence.
Read and practiseHükûmet: government and its noun forms
Hükûmetin açıklaması links a government to its statement. Practise cases, plurals and possession, keep the final t, and notice the spelling with û.
Read and practiseDevlet: state, cases and possession
Devleti keeps its t: explore the Turkish word for state through fictional settings, case forms, plurals and possession, without confusing it with government.
Read and practiseSeçim: election, choice and possessive forms
An election and a personal choice share the noun seçim. Practise its cases and possessives, and see why “their choice” needs another ending when it is the object.
Read and practiseHak: a right, an entitlement or an attempt
A right or one more attempt? Follow hak through hakkım, hakkı and haklarımız, with case and possessive forms and the difference between having a right and being right.
Read and practiseÖzgürlük: freedom, cases and possession
Freedom as an idea or a personal choice: use özgürlük in cases, plural and possessive forms, and distinguish özgürüm from özgürlüğüm.
Read and practisekanun: law, its cases and possessive forms
A law’s title reveals the job of an ending: distinguish kanunu from kanunun, then practise cases, plurals and possession with original Turkish examples.
Read and practisemahkeme: court, cases and possessives
A court in a fictional town gives mahkeme its context: compare mahkemeyi with mahkemesini, then practise case, plural and possessive forms.
Read and practisesuç: crime, fault and noun forms
A crime in a novel and a delay blamed on someone both use suç. Practise its cases and possessives, keeping ç in suçu, suça and suçum.
Read and practisetoplum: society, its cases and possessives
A society contains many people, but the Turkish noun stays singular. Practise society forms, compare separate societies and describe the society you belong to.
Read and practiseKültür: culture, cases and noun compounds
Food culture gives this noun two layers of endings. Practise Turkish culture words in cases, plural and possessive forms, and keep the compound ending when adding a case.
Read and practiseTradition in Turkish: cases, plurals and possession
Keeping a family tradition alive gives Turkish noun endings a purpose: practise cases, plural and possessive forms, including the extra consonant before a case ending.
Read and practisetarih: history, dates and noun forms
A museum’s past and a meeting date both use tarih. Practise its cases, plurals and possessives, and distinguish tarihi from tarihini in a full sentence.
Read and practiseEdebiyat: literature, cases and literary traditions
Literary traditions give edebiyat a meaningful plural. Practise its cases and possessives, keep its final t, and build Türk edebiyatında correctly.
Read and practiseŞair: the poet and the possessive form
A poet or a poem? Keep şair distinct from şiir, explore its case and possessive forms, and see why bu şairi becomes derginin şairini.
Read and practiseNovel in Turkish: cases and possession
A novel’s ending can change your interpretation. Discuss novels in Turkish with case and possessive forms, and distinguish a particular novel from its author’s novel.
Read and practisehikâye: a story, its owner and its endings
A story gains an owner in hikâyesi and becomes an object in hikâyesini. Practise hikâye in cases, plural and possessive forms with original literary examples.
Read and practiseTiyatro: theatre, cases and possession
A theatre has a stage; a play has a plot. Build tiyatro case and possessive forms, from tiyatroyu to tiyatrosunu, and talk about theatres together.
Read and practiseSanat: art, arts and possessive forms
Art keeps its t in sanatı and takes a double t in sanatta. Explore the cases and possessives of sanat, and distinguish art forms from individual artworks.
Read and practisegelişme: development, events and noun forms
A project’s progress and an unexpected turn both use gelişme. Practise its cases and possessives, and distinguish gelişmeyi from gelişmesini.
Read and practisedeğişim: change and whose change it is
The final m in değişim belongs to the word, not to “my”. Build its cases, plural and possessives, and explain a neighbourhood’s change in Turkish.
Read and practiseSonuç: result, outcome and its forms
A result becomes sonucu when you announce it, but sonucunu when it belongs to a comparison. Practise Turkish cases, plurals and possessives with sonuç.
Read and practisePurpose in Turkish: cases and possession
A project’s purpose changes form when you explain it or work towards it. Practise the Turkish noun for purpose in cases, plurals and possessive constructions.
Read and practiseÇevre: environment, surroundings and social circles
Environmental protection, nearby streets and social circles all use çevre. Practise its cases and possessives, and distinguish çevreye from çevresine.
Read and practiseNature in Turkish: cases and possessive forms
From a woodland walk to the nature of a problem, practise the Turkish noun for nature in cases, plural and possessive forms without confusing their meanings.
Read and practiseClimate in Turkish: iklim and its endings
A region’s climate takes more than a daily forecast: use iklim in cases, plurals and possessives, and see why bölgenin iklimine needs an extra n.
Read and practisedeprem: earthquake forms and possessive endings
An earthquake in a story gives deprem a context: compare depremi and depreminde, practise cases and plurals, and distinguish an object from a possessive form.
Read and practiseEnerji: energy, possession and case
Energy for a machine or a demanding project: use enerji in cases and possessive forms, distinguish enerjiyi from enerjisini, and place the plural in context.
Read and practise