Japanese offers several ways to describe a quantity without giving one exact number.

The idea

Put くらい, ぐらい or ほど after a quantity for an approximation: 三十人くらい is about thirty people. Adjacent numbers such as 二、三冊 mean two or three volumes. Use から and まで for endpoints; 以上 and 以下 include the stated boundary.

Patterns to compare
ExpressionMeaning
三十人くらいabout 30 people
二、三冊two or three volumes
十人から十五人まで10 to 15 people
十八歳以上18 or older
五キロ以下5 kg or less

Examples

  • 会場かいじょうに三十人さんじゅうにんくらい集あつまりました。About thirty people gathered at the venue.
  • 駅えきまで二十にじゅっ分ぷんほどかかります。It takes about twenty minutes to the station.
  • 本ほんを二に、三冊さんさつ持もってきてください。Please bring two or three books.
  • 参加者さんかしゃは十人じゅうにんから十五人じゅうごにんまでです。The number of participants is from ten to fifteen.
  • 申もうし込こみには十八歳じゅうはっさい以上いじょうであることが必要ひつようです。You must be at least eighteen to apply.
  • 荷物にもつは五ごキロ以下いかにしてください。Please keep the luggage to five kilograms or less.

Read-aloud uses a synthetic Japanese voice available on your device. Voice quality and availability vary; it does not assess your pronunciation.

Watch out

An approximate number is not a precise limit. 十八歳以上 includes an eighteen-year-old; 十八歳未満 excludes that age.

Try it yourself

  1. 約やく三十人さんじゅうにん:三十人_

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    くらい / ぐらい / ほど

    くらい, ぐらい or ほど follows 三十人 to mean approximately thirty people.

  2. 十人じゅうにんから十五人じゅうごにん_

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    まで

    まで marks the upper endpoint after 十人から.

  3. 十八歳じゅうはっさいを含ふくむ、それより上うえ:十八歳_

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    以上

    以上 means at least and includes eighteen.

  4. 五ごキロを含ふくむ、それより下した:五キロ_

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    以下

    以下 means at most and includes five kilograms.

Use it today

Estimate the people at an event, then describe an age requirement and a weight limit.