-medi / -madı: the negative past
Gelmedim, okumadım, görmedik: attach -me or -ma, then -di or -dı and a person ending to say what did not happen, with just two shapes to learn.
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-ecek / -acak: will, going to
Tomorrow's plans, promises and forecasts: the future suffix -ecek/-acak, its y buffer after vowels, and the k that turns into ğ in geleceğim.
Read and practise-le / -la: with, by means of
Kalemle, arabayla, benimle: attach -le/-la for 'with' or 'by', add a y after a vowel, and see how it relates to the separate word ile.
Read and practise-inci / -ıncı / -uncu / -üncü: ordinal numbers
Which ordinal shape fits? Choose -inci, -ıncı, -uncu or -üncü by the last vowel, drop the i after a vowel (ikinci) and soften dört to dördüncü.
Read and practise-ca / -ce / -ça / -çe: language names
Almanca, Arapça, İngilizce, Türkçe: the four shapes of the suffix that turns Alman, Arap, İngiliz and Türk into language names, and how to pick one.
Read and practise-li / -lı / -lu / -lü: with, having
Sütlü kahve, şekerli çay: see how the suffix -li, -lı, -lu or -lü says with or having, why its l never changes, and why Ankaralı has no apostrophe.
Read and practiseWithout: -siz / -sız / -suz / -süz
Şekersiz çay is tea without sugar. See how -siz, -sız, -suz and -süz follow the last vowel, why the s never changes, and why çocuksuz keeps its k.
Read and practise-in / -ın / -un / -ün: polite command
Come, look, sit down: build the Turkish command you give to several people or to someone you respect, with four vowel shapes and a y after vowels.
Read and practise-ir / -ar / -er: the aorist (gelir, yapar)
Gelir, yapar, okur: the Turkish general present. See when the suffix is -r, -ir or -ar, and why git turns into gider.
Read and practiseAorist person endings: -im, -sin, -iz, -siniz, -ler
Say who usually does something: -im, -sin, no ending, -iz, -siniz and -ler/-lar after the aorist, with the vowel harmony behind gelirim, yaparsın and görürsünüz.
Read and practise-mez / -maz: the negative aorist
Gelmez, yapmam, içmeyiz: build the negative aorist with -mez/-maz and see why the first person drops the z, so it is gelmem and yapmam, not gelmezim.
Read and practise-ebil- / -abil-: can and may (gelebilirim)
Say what you can or may do in Turkish with -ebil-/-abil-: the two shapes, the buffer y after a vowel, and forms such as gelebilirim, okuyabilirsiniz and gidebilirim.
Read and practise-eme / -ama: cannot, could not
Gelemem is not gelmem: put -eme or -ama before the tense to say you cannot do something, and see why okuyamadım and gidemem change.
Read and practise-meli / -malı: must, have to, should
Gitmeliyim, kalkmalısın, beklemeliler: add -meli or -malı to a verb stem and then a person ending to say what you must or should do.
Read and practise-memeli / -mamalı: must not
Gitmemeliyim, okumamalısın, yapmamalı: put -me/-ma and -meli/-malı on a verb stem to say what must not be done, with two shapes and six person endings.
Read and practise-mek / -mak: the infinitive
Yazmak, görmek, uyumak: why Turkish dictionary verbs end in -mek or -mak, how the last vowel of the stem chooses, and how the infinitive follows verbs like want.
Read and practiseWas and were: -di after nouns (öğrenciydim)
Öğrenciydim, evdeydik, soğuktu: how Turkish puts a noun, an adjective or a place into the past with -di, -dı, -du, -dü, their t forms and the y after a vowel.
Read and practise-miş / -mış / -müş / -muş: the reported past
Gelmiş means 'he came, I hear': build the reported past with -miş, -mış, -müş or -muş, add the person endings, and see when the -di past is the better choice.
Read and practise-dir / -dır / -tir / -tür: is, must be
Tell a fact or a safe guess with -dir and its eight shapes: kapalıdır, sıcaktır, tuzludur, dürüsttür. How the last vowel and sound pick the form, and when to leave it out.
Read and practise-lik / -lık / -luk / -lük: quality, state, job
From güzel to güzellik: add -lik, -lık, -luk or -lük to a word to name a quality, a state or a profession, and see why the final k softens to ğ before a vowel.
Read and practise-ci / -cı / -çi / -çı: the person who does it
Who sells it, drives it or plays it? Attach -ci, -cı, -cu, -cü or -çi, -çı, -çu, -çü to a noun to name the person, and learn which of eight shapes fits.
Read and practiseRelational -ki: evdeki, bugünkü, benimki
Evdeki, dünkü, benimki: how the suffix -ki turns a place or a time into an adjective and an owner into a pronoun, and why bugünkü is spelled with -kü.
Read and practise-eyim / -elim: let me, let’s (gideyim, gidelim)
Offer help and make suggestions in Turkish: -eyim for “let me” and “shall I”, -elim for “let’s”, with the two vowels, the buffer y and the git → gid- change.
Read and practise-meyecek / -mayacak: will not, is not going to
Gelmeyeceğim, yapmayacağız: add -me/-ma before -yecek/-yacak to say what will not happen, and see why the k becomes ğ.
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