The same manager can be treated differently depending on whom you are addressing.
The idea
Inside the company, use respectful language such as いらっしゃる for a manager’s action. To a client, your manager belongs to your in-group: use humble 参る for their attendance and omit さん. Use ご覧になる for the client’s action and 拝見する for your own.
| Situation | Form |
|---|---|
| 社内:部長に | いらっしゃる |
| 社外:部長について | 参る |
| お客様の動作 | ご覧になる |
| 自分の動作 | 拝見する |
Examples
- 山田部長、明日の会議にいらっしゃいますか。Manager Yamada, will you attend tomorrow’s meeting?
- 部長の山田は明日の会議に参ります。Our manager Yamada will attend tomorrow’s meeting.
- 佐藤様はもうお帰りになりました。Ms Sato has already left.
- 山田はただいま席を外しております。Yamada is away from his desk at the moment.
- 部長、資料をご覧になりましたか。Manager, have you seen the documents?
- 私が資料を拝見します。I will look at the documents.
Read-aloud uses a synthetic Japanese voice available on your device. Voice quality and availability vary; it does not assess your pronunciation.
No Japanese device voice is available. You can still read the text and use the linked listening resources.
Watch out
Do not automatically honor your manager to an outsider. Relationships and context matter, and polite です・ます endings remain appropriate.
Try it yourself
(部長に直接)明日、_か。(いらっしゃいます/参ります)
Show answer or example answer
いらっしゃいます
いらっしゃいます honors the manager addressed directly.
(お客様に)部長の山田は明日、_。(いらっしゃいます/参ります)
Show answer or example answer
参ります
参ります humbly presents the in-group manager’s attendance to the client.
(お客様の動作)資料を_か。(ご覧になりました/拝見しました)
Show answer or example answer
ご覧になりました
ご覧になりました honors the client’s act of looking; 拝見しました would describe your own.
Practice round
Answer questions, then rebuild Japanese sentences where available. We keep your score.
(部長に直接)明日、_か。(いらっしゃいます/参ります)
(お客様に)部長の山田は明日、_。(いらっしゃいます/参ります)
(お客様の動作)資料を_か。(ご覧になりました/拝見しました)
Tap the words in the right order.
Tap the words in the right order.
Tap the words in the right order.
Keep your progress
Sign up for free to save your practice results in your account.
Sign up to saveI already have an accountUse it today
Tell a manager about tomorrow’s meeting, then tell a client that the manager will attend. Choose the form for the person acting.

