You will add plural, possessive and case endings to arkadaş (friend) and say where a friend is, who is coming and who gets something from you.
The idea
The stem arkadaş never changes and ends in the voiceless sound ş. Endings that start with a vowel attach as they are (arkadaşı, arkadaşım), while a d turns into t: arkadaşta, arkadaştan. The order is stem, plural, possessive, case: arkadaşlarımızdan.
| Ending | One friend | Several friends |
|---|---|---|
| — | arkadaş | arkadaşlar |
| -ı | arkadaşı | arkadaşları |
| -a | arkadaşa | arkadaşlara |
| -ta | arkadaşta | arkadaşlarda |
| -tan | arkadaştan | arkadaşlardan |
| -ın | arkadaşın | arkadaşların |
| -ım | arkadaşım | arkadaşlarım |
Examples
- Arkadaşım bugün bize geliyor.My friend is coming to our place today.The ending -ım already means 'my', so benim is not needed. Arkadaş does not show gender: it can be a male or a female friend.
- Ben arkadaşıma çay veriyorum.I am giving my friend tea.After the m of arkadaşım the dative is just -a: arkadaşıma. The pronoun ben can be dropped.
- Bu gece arkadaşımda kalıyorum.Tonight I am staying at my friend's place.arkadaşım ends in the voiced m, so the locative is -da; without the possessive it is arkadaşta instead.
- Ayşe'nin arkadaşı Ankara'dan geliyor.Ayşe's friend is coming from Ankara.Ayşe'nin arkadaşı is 'Ayşe's friend': the owner takes -nin, the owned noun takes -ı. The same -ı can also mark a definite object, so the sentence decides.
- Çantam arkadaşta.My bag is at a friend's.The ending after ş is -ta, not -da, because ş is voiceless. The stem stays whole.
- arkadaşlarımmy friendsarkadaşlar-ler / -lar: the plural suffixım-im / -ım / -um / -üm / -m: my
- arkadaşlarımızdanfrom our friendsarkadaşlar-ler / -lar: the plural suffixımız-imiz / -ımız / -umuz / -ümüz: ourdan-den / -dan / -ten / -tan: from, out of
- arkadaşınato his or her friendarkadaşı-i / -si: his, her, itsnBuffer -n-: evinde, evinden, evinea-e / -a / -ye / -ya: to, towardsBetween the possessive -ı and a case ending Turkish adds a buffer n: arkadaşı + n + a. Without n it would read arkadaşıa.
- arkadaştanfrom a friendarkadaştan-den / -dan / -ten / -tan: from, out ofThe stem arkadaş stays complete; because ş is voiceless, the ablative is -tan.
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Watch out
Do not write arkadaşda or arkadaşdan: after ş the locative and ablative start with t. Nor does the stem soften as in kitap → kitabı: the ş stays, so arkadaşı. The plural comes before the possessive: arkadaşlarım, not arkadaşımlar.
Try it yourself
Add the locative to arkadaş (friend): at a friend's.
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arkadaşta
arkadaşta: ş is voiceless, so the ending starts with t, and the back vowel a gives -ta.
Add the ablative to arkadaş (friend): from a friend.
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arkadaştan
arkadaştan: the same voiceless ş makes the ablative -tan, and the stem itself stays whole.
Write 'my friends': add the plural to arkadaş first, then 'my'.
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arkadaşlarım
arkadaşlarım: the plural -lar comes before the possessive -ım.
Add the dative to arkadaşım (my friend): to my friend.
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arkadaşıma
arkadaşıma: arkadaşım ends in the consonant m, so the dative is just -a, with no buffer consonant.
Practice round
Answer questions, then rebuild Turkish sentences and words where available. We keep your score.
Add the locative to arkadaş (friend): at a friend's.
Add the ablative to arkadaş (friend): from a friend.
Write 'my friends': add the plural to arkadaş first, then 'my'.
Add the dative to arkadaşım (my friend): to my friend.
Tap the words in the right order.
Tap the words in the right order.
Tap the words in the right order.
Tap the parts in order to build this word: my friends
Tap the parts in order to build this word: from our friends
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Write four sentences about your friends: where one of them is, who comes from where, and who you give something to. Mark each ending and check whether the sound before it is voiced or voiceless.