özetlemek: summarize a text or meeting
Summarize with özetlemek using texts, meetings and chapters; learn özetliyorum and preserve the main information instead of merely making a text shorter.
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yorumlamak: interpret results, images and messages
Interpret graphs, story endings and messages with yorumlamak; practise as-constructions and correct a misunderstanding while separating interpretation from summary.
Read and practisehatırlatmak: remind someone of a task or memory
Use hatırlatmak for meetings, deadlines and childhood memories; learn who receives the reminder and distinguish reminding someone from remembering yourself.
Read and practiseezberlemek: memorize words, poems and speeches
Learn ezberlemek with short poems, new words and speech notes; distinguish memorizing from understanding and practise saying something from memory.
Read and practisetekrarlamak: repeat a word, exercise or mistake
Practise tekrarlamak with classroom speech, repeated exercises and mistakes; ask politely for repetition and distinguish repeating from memorizing.
Read and practiseçalıştırmak: run a program or start a machine
Learn çalıştırmak through programs, printers and washing machines; distinguish starting a device from saying it is working, with six translated examples.
Read and practiseaçılmak: a door, shop or file opens
Learn açılmak through doors, bookshops, exhibitions and files; distinguish an opening event from the state açık and from someone opening an object.
Read and practisekapanmak: doors, shops and apps close
Use kapanmak for moving doors, closing hours and apps; distinguish closing from being kapalı, and avoid assuming every shop closure is permanent.
Read and practisedolmak: containers, rooms and storage fill up
Learn dolmak with buckets, bottles, a hall and phone storage; distinguish becoming full from filling something and from the state expressed by dolu.
Read and practisebitmek: an event ends or a supply runs out
Learn bitmek with lessons, films, homework and bread running out; distinguish an ending event from someone finishing a task, using six examples.
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ev: house and home with every ending
Why ev keeps its v and takes front-vowel endings (evler, evde, evim), and how eve and evde come to mean going home and being at home.
Read and practisekitap (book): kitabım, kitaba, kitapta
The p at the end of kitap turns into b in kitabım and kitaba but stays in kitapta and kitaplar: see every form and which endings cause the change.
Read and practisesu (water): suyu, suyun, suya and the y
Learn how the noun su takes its endings: why it is suya and suyu with a y, why the genitive is suyun and not sunun, and which forms stay plain, as in suda and sudan.
Read and practiseekmek: bread and the k that turns into ğ
Why bread is ekmeği and ekmeğim but ekmekler and ekmekte: the final k softens to ğ only before a vowel, shown on one everyday noun.
Read and practisearaba: the car and its endings
Why araba becomes arabayı and arabaya but arabam and arabası: how a noun ending in a vowel handles every case and possessive ending.
Read and practiseokul: school, with every ending it takes
Learn how okul (school) takes plural, possessive and case endings, as in okullar, okulum, okulda and okula, and why okulu can mean two different things.
Read and practisearkadaş: the word for friend and its endings
Why arkadaş takes -ta and -tan instead of -da and -dan, why its ş never changes, and how plural, possessive and case endings stack: arkadaşlarımızdan.
Read and practiseçay: tea and its endings
The noun çay (tea) with the plural, accusative, dative, locative, ablative and possessive endings, and why it is çaya and çayı, never çayya.
Read and practisekedi (cat): kedim, kediye, kedisi
Kedim, kediye, kediyi or kedisi? See how a noun ending in i adds y, n or s before a vowel ending, why it is never kediim, and every case and possessive form.
Read and practisemasa (table): masaya, masayı, masası
Where does the y in masaya and masayı come from? See how the noun masa (table) takes every common ending after its final vowel, and why masası is not masayı.
Read and practiseoda (room): odada, odaya, odası, oda da
Odada or oda da? One written word means 'in the room', the other 'the room too'. Plus every ending of oda, with the buffers y and s: odaya, odayı, odası.
Read and practisepara: money and its endings
Param yok, Para biriktiriyorum, Parayı bıraktım: how para (money) takes -ya, -yı, -m and -sı, and when a general sum stays bare.
Read and practiseşehir (city): şehre, şehri, şehrimiz
Şehrim, not şehirim: the i of şehir drops before an ending that starts with a vowel (şehri, şehre, şehrimiz) but stays in şehirde, şehirden and şehirler.
Read and practisekapı (door): kapıyı, kapıya, kapısı
Words that end in a vowel need a joining y or n: see why kapı becomes kapıya and kapıyı, but kapısına, with every form in one table.
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