pencere (window): pencereye, pencereden, penceresi
Pencereye or pencereden? Looking at a window and looking out of it use different cases; see every ending of pencere (window) with front-vowel harmony.
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sokak (street): sokağa, sokakta, sokaklar
Sokakta or sokağta? Build the forms of sokak (street), see why the k becomes ğ before vowels only, and how a street name like Gül Sokağı'nda takes its endings.
Read and practiseyol: road, way, and the endings it takes
Road, way or route: see how yol takes plural, possessive and case endings (yollar, yolum, yolda, yoldan) and how to say “the road to school” in Turkish.
Read and practiseotobüs: bus, and why it takes -te and -ten
Otobüste or otobüsde? See why the final s of otobüs (bus) calls for -te and -ten, never softens, and why you board otobüse.
Read and practiseçocuk (child): çocuğa, çocukta, çocukları
Does çocukları mean the children or their child? See how çocuk (child) softens its k, which endings fit, and why the same spelling can mean different things.
Read and practiseanne: mother, my mother, to her mother
Anneyi, annesini, annesinden: follow anne through the cases, the plural and the possessives, and see where the joining letters y and n appear.
Read and practisekardeş (sibling): kardeşim, kardeşte, kardeşten
One word covers brother and sister: kardeş. See its plural, possessive and case forms, and why the ş turns -de into -te in kardeşte and kardeşten.
Read and practiseöğretmen: teacher, and the ending that means two things
Öğretmenim can mean “my teacher” or “I am a teacher”. See how öğretmen, a noun ending in n with a front last vowel, takes -ler, -e, -de, -den and -imiz.
Read and practisedoktor (doctor): doktorum, doktora, doktordan
Doktorum can mean my doctor or I am a doctor. See how doktor takes plural, possessive and case endings after its back vowel o, with no softening.
Read and practisetelefon (phone): telefonlar, telefonda, telefonum
Why does telefon, with an e at the start, take -lar and -da instead of -ler and -de? Build its plural, possessive and case forms and the phrase telefonla.
Read and practiseçanta (bag): çantam, çantayı, çantasında
Çantam, çantan, çantası: see how a word ending in -a takes possessives without an extra vowel, and why the case ending comes after them (çantamda).
Read and practiseayakkabı: shoes, my shoes, in the shoe
Two pairs, one noun: build ayakkabı with -lar, -yı, -ya, -da and -dan, and see why it stays singular after a number and why kk stays double.
Read and practisegömlek: shirt, gömleğim and gömlekte
Gömleğim or gömlekim? Choose the ending for a shirt you wear, iron or sew, and see why gömlek softens before vowels but stays in gömlekte and gömlekler.
Read and practiseyemek: meal, dish and akşam yemeği
Akşam yemeği or akşam yemek? See why dinner needs the -i of a compound, how yemek becomes yemeği, yemeğe and yemeğin, and why the plural stays yemekler.
Read and practisesüt (milk): sütü, süte, sütten
Sütte, not südde: milk keeps its hard t before every ending, while the vowel turns round in sütü, sütüm and sütümüzden. Every common form of süt in one table.
Read and practisepeynir: cheese and its endings
Peyniri or peynir? See how cheese takes its endings without changing, and when the object needs -i and when the bare word is right.
Read and practiseelma (apple): elma yedim, elmayı yedim
Elma yedim or elmayı yedim? See when the noun elma (apple) takes the accusative, why it stays singular after a number, and how elma suyu and elmalı are built.
Read and practisehava: weather, air and its endings
Bugün hava güzel: hava means both weather and air, with no word for “it”. See havada, havaya, havası, havalar and the phrase hava almak.
Read and practisezaman (time): zamanım, zamanda, zamanında
Saat kaç? is not zaman kaç. Build zamanım, zamanda and zamanında, and see why clock time is saat, counted times are kez, and zaman never softens.
Read and practiseiş (work): işe, işte, işten
Going to work, being at work, coming home from it: işe, işte, işten. See why iş takes -te and -ten after its voiceless ş, and what işte means when it starts a sentence.
Read and practiseyer (place): yerde, yerim, yerinde
Yerde means on the floor, yerinde means in its place: build every form of yer (place) and see why an n appears after the possessive -i.
Read and practisegün: day, günü, günde, günler
Cuma günü, not cuma günde: build the forms of gün (day) with plural, possessive and cases, and see why days of the week take the ending -ü.
Read and practisekomşu: neighbour, neighbours and whose neighbour
Komşuyu or komşusu? A single consonant separates the neighbour you wait for from someone’s neighbour. Build the cases, plural and possessive forms of komşu.
Read and practiseA guest in Turkish: cases and possession
Welcoming a guest starts with choosing the right ending: practise cases, plurals and possessives, including the difference between a guest and someone’s guest.
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